Geodesy Refresher Practice Exam

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• Which description best defines Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) in GIS?
• In second-order, class II geodetic control, the maximum triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• Which expedition was led by Maupertuis during the 1730s geodetic missions?
• Which ancient Greek astronomer is credited with founding trigonometry and discovering the precession of the equinoxes?
• A navigation message is modulated onto both of the L1 and L2 carrier frequencies. What is the frequency of the navigation message, and what is its significance?
• Which great circle passes through the zenith and a celestial body and is perpendicular to the horizon?
• Normal sections can be used to characterize the curvature of a surface at a point.
• Which correction accounts for the mass of material lying between the observation point and the elevation datum using a uniform slab approximation?
• Who suggested that the Earth is spherical on the basis that the sphere is a perfect shape, not from observations?
• Which of the following statements is incorrect?
• Which projection is used for air navigation?
• Given point 1 (φ1, λ1), azimuth1-2, distance12, determine point 2 (φ2, λ2) and azimuth21. This geodesic problem is commonly called:
• Which German astronomer is best known for his laws of planetary motion and wrote Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae?
• Which statement best describes the initial computation of pseudorange measurements by a GPS receiver?
• If the time discrepancy is 0.5 microsecond, calculate the distance error in meters.
• Which combination yields a maximum triangle closure of 5 arcseconds for third-order geodetic control?
• Which great circle on the celestial sphere passes through the celestial poles and the observer's zenith?
• Which star is known as the North Star or Pole Star?
• What term describes the systematic transformation of latitude and longitude coordinates into locations on a plane?
• When converting astronomic azimuth to grid azimuth, convergence correction is subtracted if the line is west of the central meridian.
• The global positioning system is originally called:
• What is the primary function of the GPS control segment?
• Who is identified as the English geographer and the primary originator of modern computerized GIS?
• A Laplace Station is a geodetic control station where ______ are made for ______ to control the accumulation of errors along the control network.
• Which field commonly applies Tobler's First Law of Geography to analyze spatial patterns?
• The forward azimuth of a line is defined as the azimuth measured from which direction?
• What is the method called when you determine the position of an unknown survey point by using directions observed from the point to known points?
• For a second-order, class II geodetic control network, minimum triangulation station spacing is at least?
• __________ refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth.
• The sine of each angle should be proportional to the length of the opposite side of that triangle.
• Which statement correctly compares the scale factors at the origin of PTM Zones and UTM Zones?
• In a classical triangulation, the procedure for third order, class II accuracy positioning requires how many directions?
• NAMRIA through its __________ establish and maintain a national geodetic control network to serve as common reference for all surveying and mapping activities in the country.
• What is the purpose of a ground plane on a GPS antenna?
• Which technique uses large radio telescopes to observe quasars for geodesy?
• Which statement about GIS is not true?
• Which projection does not produce a conformal map?
• What are the GPS L1 and L2 carrier frequencies?
• Which technique uses retro-reflectors on satellites to measure distance by sending a laser pulse and timing its return?
• If the time discrepancy is 0.1 nanoseconds, what is the distance error in meters?
• For first-order triangulation, the strength of figure R (between bases) should not exceed which value?
• Which network configuration has the smallest minimum triangulation spacing?
• In celestial coordinates, the angular distance north or south of the celestial equator is called the ______.
• Which statement describes a multipath error in GPS measurements?
• In GIS, interpolation is made possible by a principle called:
• For a second-order, class I geodetic control network, station spacing in traverse should not be less than:
• Convergence correction is added to the geodetic azimuth to determine the correct grid azimuth of a line if the line is ________ of the central meridian.
• In GIS distance analysis, which distance refers to the distance along raster cell sides from one point to another?
• __________ is a phenomenon which causes the orientation of the axis of rotation of a spinning astronomical object to vary over time. It is caused by the gravitational forces of other nearby bodies acting upon the spinning object.
• In second order, class II geodetic control, the average triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• The forward and backward azimuths differ from 180 degrees due to which effect (except when A and B lie on the same meridian or at latitude zero)?
• Which of the following describes a characteristic of a multiplexing receiver in GPS?
• During the 1730s geodetic missions, the length of 1 degree of meridian was greater in the polar regions than in the equatorial regions, indicating the Earth can be represented by an ellipsoid slightly flattened at the poles. Which option correctly expresses this finding?
• Azimuth correction due to height is applied under which condition?
• The Moon's farthest distance from the Earth is called which term?
• Polar Distance is the complement of which angle?
• For first-order triangulation, the desirable limit of the strength of figure R between bases is which value?
• Which NAMRIA branch is primarily associated with hydrographic and oceanographic data acquisition and analysis?
• Historically, the Earth is best modeled as which of the following shapes?
• The zero point for __________ is the vernal equinox.
• Which projection does not produce a conformal map?
• Richer's observation of pendulum clocks suggested what about Earth's shape?
• ________ refers to the difference between the apparent time and the mean time.
• A geodetic technique in which a laser signal is transmitted from a ground-based station, reflects off specially designed mirrors (retro-reflectors) placed on satellites, and is received back at the station.
• Which term refers to the short-term periodic wobble in the axis orientation of a spinning astronomical body caused by gravitational forces of other bodies?
• Which statement best describes a differential GPS solution?
• The geodesic problem that computes the distance and both forward and backward azimuths between two points on the Earth's surface is commonly known as which problem?
• Which term denotes the interval between two consecutive upper meridian transits of the mean equinox?
• The geodesic approximately ______ the angle between the counter (or reciprocal) normal sections lying closer to the direct normal section at a given point.
• In a classical triangulation, the procedure for second order, class II accuracy positioning requires which of the following directions?
• The angle taken counter-clockwise along the celestial equator from the First Point of Aries to the hour circle of the star is called what?
• The first datum established in the Philippines in 1901 is named what?
• For second-order class II maximum triangle closure, which value is correct?
• Which of the following values is never exceeded by the equation of time?
• The unit of gravity, defined as the gal, is equal to which of the following?
• In a horizontal datum, which surface models the Earth's shape in the region of interest?
• Which orbital point is the closest to the Sun?
• When was the Executive Order establishing the Philippine Reference System of 1992 (PRS92) officially signed?
• The angle measured clockwise from the Vernal Equinox to the Hour Circle of the star.
• In GIS, SDI stands for:
• GPS improvements over the TRANSIT Doppler satellite positioning system include which of the following?
• Which projection group is described as having horizontal parallels and evenly spaced vertical meridians?
• A great circle passing through the observer's zenith and any celestial body. Such a circle is perpendicular to the horizon and represents the line of intersection of a vertical plane with the celestial sphere.
• __________is the hour angle of the First Point of Aries, and is equal to the hour angle plus right ascension of any star.
• Azimuth closure at an azimuth check point for a first-order geodetic network is given by which formula?
• Which ancient thinker is attributed with the view that the Earth is a flat disk supporting a hemispherical sky?
• In a triangulation net, the strongest route has which characteristic?
• What is the advantage of a dual-frequency GPS receiver?
• The angle measured clockwise from the Greenwich Meridian to the Hour Circle of the star.
• In the Hour Angle System, the position of the celestial body is based on the location of the observer. The position of the star is defined by the local hour angle of the star and its declination or polar distance.
• Which GIS operation computes the exact overlapping area between two polygon layers?
• Which pair correctly identifies the two primary categories of gravity measurements?
• Which combination has a maximum average triangle closure of 2 arcseconds?
• A __________ is a set of prescriptions and conventions together with the modeling required to define at any time a triad of coordinate axes.
• In the Hour Angle System, a star's position is defined by which two coordinates?
• The carriers L1 and L2 are modulated by two PRN codes. What are the names given to these codes?
• What does DOP stand for in GPS and what does it measure?
• Which boolean operator combines two map layers by getting areas common to both layers?
• For an ellipsoid, the geodesic curve is a curve
• NAMRIA through its ____________ is mandated to provide remote sensing services and vital data on the environment, land cover, forestry, agriculture, water resources, and coastal zone, among others; and to conduct research on remote sensing and GIS applications.
• Which scientists directed the Peru expedition as part of the 1730s geodetic missions?
• Which term describes a projection orientation that is rotated 90 degrees from the standard orientation?
• The Tropic of Cancer is a small circle of latitude at approximately which latitude?
• A __________ is the interval between two consecutive upper meridian transits of the Mean Sun.
• In a classical triangulation, the procedure for first order and second order (class I) accuracy positioning requires how many directions?
• A kind of approximate method with an objective of making the sum of the angles about each station equal to 360 degrees.
• Planet ________ can never be seen on the meridian at midnight.
• What is the mask angle in GPS, and what does it signify?
• A geodetic technique in which a laser signal is transmitted from a ground-based station, reflects off specially designed mirrors (retro-reflectors) placed on the Moon, and is received back at the station.
• Which statement best describes the property of a conformal projection?
• Which philosopher offered arguments supporting that the Earth is spherical, citing changing horizons in different directions, the round shadow of the Earth during lunar eclipses, and the appearance of ships at sea as they approach?
• Right Ascension is measured along which coordinate or circle, with the endpoint at the vernal equinox?
• For first-order triangulation, the strength of figure R (between bases) should be in the desirable limit equal to which value?
• Which method is used to visualize and characterize local distortions after applying a map projection?
• What is selective availability in GPS?
• The Moon's closest distance to the Earth is called which term?
• In triangulation, if the value R exceeds a threshold, a new baseline should be computed. What is that threshold?
• In geodesy, what is the conventional unit name for measuring gravity, known as the gal, related to the centimeter-gram-second system?
• Which statement best describes the devices used to maintain accurate time for GPS positioning?
• What is the name of the fundamental principle that states locations closer together are more likely to have similar values than locations farther apart?
• Which distance metric is defined as the straight-line distance between two points in Euclidean space?
• The equipotential surface to which the plumb line is perpendicular at every point is called the what?
• For a second-order geodetic control network established by traverse, the position closure after azimuth adjustment should be at least as good as which ratio?
• Which map projection variant has projection lines that emanate from infinity?
• Which formula represents the Pendulum Law for the period of a simple pendulum?
• Which combination has a maximum average triangle closure of 5 arcseconds?
• An example of a user interface metaphor in existing computer operating system and GIS is ____.
• Which statement about a double-difference GPS solution is true?
• What is the minimum triangulation station spacing for a third-order network consisting of class I and II?
• In the 17th Century, who carried out measurements along a meridian in the Netherlands using triangulation with one-minute precision, combining with endpoints' astronomic latitudes to determine Earth's size?
• In a classical triangulation, the procedure for third order, class I accuracy positioning requires how many directions?
• For a third-order, class I and II geodetic control network, minimum triangulation station spacing is at least?
• Which circle on the celestial sphere is the projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere?
• What is the term for the difference in direction between Earth's gravity vector and a reference direction such as the normal to a reference ellipsoid?
• A GIS tool for vector datasets that retains the areas on two layers where features do not intersect with each other.
• Which statement best describes the function of the channels inside a GPS receiver?
• In vertical deflection, the flat-area deviation is ignored, while mountainous-area deflection values are large and must be considered as systematic error. Which pair completes the sentence?
• For first-order geodetic control, the average triangle closure should be which value?
• The PRN codes repeat themselves over specific intervals. What are the periods of those cycles, and what is their significance?
• Which star is used to determine latitude by measuring its altitude?
• The inverse geodesic problem is: given two points, determine the forward and back azimuths and the distance.
• In third-order, class II geodetic control, the maximum triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• Which of the following specifies a maximum triangle closure of 3 arcseconds for second-order geodetic control?
• Mercator projection produces a conformal map. Which of the following describes that property?
• The Bouguer correction is a first-order correction to account for the excess mass underlying observation points located at elevations above the elevation datum and is deficient when points are below the datum. What is the term for this correction?
• Two distinctly different types of gravity measurements are: ______ and ______.
• Which orbital point for the Moon is closest to the Earth?
• How are the P code and C/A code cycles characterized?
• Observing the altitude of Polaris primarily provides information about a location's which geographic coordinate?
• A vertical datum maps points to geopotential.
• For a first-order geodetic control network, what is the minimum triangulation station spacing?
• The effect of Earth's curvature on height observations is equal to which expression, where K is the horizontal distance in kilometers?
• Astronomic Azimuth is based on the true shape of the earth while the __________ azimuth is based on the __________ approximation of the earth's shape.
• Greenwich Time is equal to the local time plus the ______ of the place.
• Which statement about the geoid is true?
• Which term refers to data about data's origin, quality, and lineage?
• For a first-order geodetic control network established by traverse, the position closure after azimuth adjustment should be at least as good as which ratio?
• Given the X, Y, and Z coordinates of a point, determine the equivalent longitude.
• What value corresponds to the sum of the star's hour angle and its right ascension?
• Which orbital point is the furthest from the Sun for a planet's orbit?
• Richer observed pendulum clocks that lost time when moved from Paris to Cayenne, near the equator, indicating Earth flattening at the poles. Who was this observer?
• The Eötvös correction is required for motions along which traverse direction, to account for centrifugal effects?
• The vernal equinox marks the zero point for which coordinate?
• Which term describes the equipotential surface oceans would align with under gravity and rotation?
• Gravity readings after applying corrections for instrument drift and Earth tides are referred to as which of the following?
• Standing at 40° latitude, you observe the Sun rising due east. What is the Sun's declination and the approximate date?
• A great circle on the sphere where a plane perpendicular through a plumb line at the place of observation and passing through the center of the earth, cuts the celestial sphere
• What are the positioning signal frequencies used in GPS?
• What capability does a six-channel GPS receiver provide?
• In the Philippines, geodetic azimuth is reckoned from which direction?
• Approximately how much do Block II GPS satellites weigh in final orbit?
• If a star passes through your zenith and your latitude is 35°, what is the star's declination?
• For a second-order, class II geodetic control network, station spacing in traverse should not be less than:
• Which gas is the main component of the atmosphere of Mars?
• If the time discrepancy is 0.5 nanoseconds, what is the distance error in meters?
• _____ is one of the lines in a triangulation system whose length is also precisely measured and may be located at regular intervals or at the end of triangulation system.
• Which concept realizes a geodetic system through coordinates of defined points that are accessible by direct occupation or observation?
• Which term denotes a geodetic datum for horizontal control in which points are mapped onto a specified ellipsoid?
• Which of the following are major sources of error in GPS measurements that may be attributed to the receiver?
• The navigation message includes information about which aspects?
• Which line at the observer coincides with the plumb line and is normal to the horizon?
• A normal section from point A to point B is defined as which of the following?
• In triangulation, the relation that the sine of an angle is proportional to the opposite side is referred to as which condition?
• Which technique is primarily used for orbit determination of ocean altimeter satellites via ground transmitters and satellite receivers?
• Which NAMRIA branch is responsible for geospatial information system management and dissemination?
• Data values that provide a name or identifier so that values can be discriminated are called?
• Which statement best describes how a GPS receiver achieves simultaneous tracking of multiple satellites?
• Local Sidereal Time is the hour angle of the First Point of Aries.
• What is the meaning of epoch as it applies to GPS?
• Which order has the most stringent position closure after azimuth adjustment?
• A second of latitude near the poles is approximately a foot longer than a second of latitude near the equator. How should this statement be evaluated?
• What is the method called when you determine the position of an unknown point by occupying points with known coordinates?
• The intersections of parallels are truly spaced along which geographic reference line?
• The Dutch geophysicist who pioneered sea gravimetry and linked gravity anomalies to continental drift is which person?
• Which statement best describes the geoid's relationship to mean sea level?
• It is a method in which points with known coordinates are occupied to get the position of an unknown point.
• A set of regularly spaced and contiguous cells with associated field values. The values represent cell values, not point values, and a cell value is assumed valid for all locations within the cell. What is this data model called?
• The present projection used in cadastral projects and topographic projects in the Philippines is:
• A great circle passing through a celestial body and whose plane is perpendicular to the plane of the celestial equator.
• Which NAMRIA branch is tasked with maintaining a national geodetic control network for surveying and mapping?
• A local sidereal day is the interval of the time between the two successive upper transits of the First Point of Aries on the observer's meridian. Which of the following transit also occurs at intervals of 24 sidereal hours?
• Convergence correction is subtracted to the astronomic azimuth to determine the correct grid azimuth of a line if the line is ___________ of the central meridian.
• The gravity is the sum of which two forces acting on a body?
• A __________ is the interval between two consecutive upper meridian transits of the mean equinox. It is equal to 23h 56m 04s.091 of mean solar time.
• The horizontal geodetic datum is composed of which elements? I. latitude and longitude II. orientation of an initial point of origin III. ellipsoid that models the surface of the earth in the region of interest IV. scale factor V. geoid-ellipsoid separation.
• Which law forms the basis for spatial autocorrelation and many GIS analyses?
• The equinox is one of the two points of intersection of the __________ and the celestial equator occupied by the sun when its declination is 0º.
• What is the angular distance measured along the horizon from the observer's meridian to the vertical circle through a celestial body?
• What is a cycle slip?
• In map projections, which property is preserved by a conformal projection at a small scale?
• The Greenwich Meridian is used as the origin for which hour angle?
• Which azimuth closure formula involves the largest coefficient in front of √N?
• What is the angular distance measured along the hour circle from the celestial equator to the celestial body?
• In a gnomonic projection, less than half of the sphere can be projected onto a finite map. Which option correctly reflects this statement?
• Azimuth closure at an azimuth check point for a second-order, class II geodetic network is given by which formula?
• Which term denotes a geodetic datum for vertical control in which points are mapped to the geopotential?
• NAMRIA through its __________ acquires and analyzes hydrographic and oceanographic data used for promoting navigational safety and oceanographic research.
• The boundary model in GIS is sometimes also called:
• The correction needed when a survey is conducted on a mobile vehicle to account for centrifugal effects, especially in an East-West traverse, is called what?
• The angle in the plane of projection between a straight line and the central meridian of a rectangular coordinate system is called _________ azimuth.
• How many atomic oscillators does each Block II GPS satellite contain?
• What is metadata?
• What is the full form of Navstar GPS?
• Which parameter is used to quantify Earth's flattening?
• What is a small circle of constant altitude, also called a parallel of altitude?
• Who is commonly regarded as the father of modern map-making?
• Gravity readings observed at a gravity station after corrections for instrument drift and Earth tides are called what?
• In map projections, areas of low distortion are usually located:
• Which of the following does not belong to the typical types of spatial relationships?
• Which term describes a line of reference chosen without geographic necessity?
• ____ is an arbitrary chosen line of reference.
• It is the time indicated by a sundial.
• In first-order geodetic control, the average triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• In the grid azimuth conversion, t denotes which angle?
• For a fourth-order geodetic control network established by traverse, the position closure after azimuth adjustment should be at least as good as which ratio?
• A set of parameters and constants that defines a coordinate system, including its origin and orientation and scale, used for geodetic applications is known as which term?
• Which combination has a maximum average triangle closure of 1.2 arcseconds?
• Which orbital point for the Moon is farthest from the Earth?
• Which data type is best described as having an inherent order but no meaningful arithmetic operations?
• The first precise determination of the size of the Earth is ascribed to which Egyptian scholar?
• What is the extent of PTM Zone V?
• The geoid is the equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field that best fits mean sea level in a least-squares sense. Which mean sea level is used?
• The equation p sin α = constant is known as which equation?
• In the equation t = α - γ + δ, which symbol represents the geodetic azimuth?
• Which statement about geodesics is true?
• In third order, class II geodetic control, the average triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• Convergence correction is a function of:
• For a third-order, class I and II geodetic control network, station spacing in traverse should not be less than:
• Which component receives the computed satellite updates from the Master Control Station and forwards them toward the satellites?
• Azimuth closure at an azimuth check point is measured in which unit?
• NAMRIA's governance is provided by a _____-member Board of Governors, and an Administrator who is assisted by ____ Deputy Administrators.
• Which azimuth closure formula corresponds to a second-order, class II network?
• In the GPS data flow, which element receives computed satellite updates from the Master Control Station for transmission to satellites?
• In second-order, class I geodetic control, the maximum triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• Which Dutch geophysicist and geodesist invented a precise method for measuring gravity at sea, leading to gravity anomalies above the ocean floor and attributing them to continental drift?
• Azimuth closure at an azimuth check point for a second-order, class I geodetic network is given by which formula?
• Which data type uses values that identify items without implying order?
• In astronomy, astrology, and geodesy, the ______ or first vertical is the vertical circle passing east and west through the zenith and intersecting the horizon in its east and west points.
• What term describes the differences between observed gravity and the values predicted by a gravity model?
• A __________ is the mean time required for the Apparent Sun to increase its ecliptic longitude by 360°.
• The free-air anomaly correction per meter above sea level is +0.3086 mgal. The corresponding datum in the correction is which of the following?
• In a third order, class II geodetic control network, azimuth closure at an azimuth check point (seconds of arc) is equal to which expression?
• The Tropic of Cancer is at approximately 23.4 degrees North. Which latitude best represents this circle?
• Which term designates the great circle that passes through a celestial body and is perpendicular to the celestial equator?
• Which statement about DOP is true?
• Which pair of stars are known as the pointer stars used to locate Polaris?
• The Technical Bulletin No. 26 published by the Bureau of Lands in 1975 is also known as:
• Which point is where the plumb line projected above horizon meets the celestial sphere?
• Which term is also known as the first vertical?
• Who is credited as the father of epidemiology for solving the London cholera outbreak using spatial analysis?
• What is the complement of the altitude, measured from the zenith to the star along the vertical circle?
• Which device is used as the internal timekeeping source in most GPS receivers?
• Which azimuth closure formula corresponds to a first-order network?
• Which statement best reflects a GIS capability?
• The equation for converting geodetic to grid azimuth is t = α - γ + δ, where t is the grid azimuth, α is the geodetic azimuth, γ is the convergence. The term δ is the
• In vertical deflection, the actual plumbline is perpendicular to the geoid. The normal plumbline is perpendicular to the ellipsoid. Which surface is the actual plumbline perpendicular to?
• Which GIS data model emphasizes topology and connectivity among features?
• A __________ of a sphere is the trace in its surface of the intersection of a plane passing through the center of the sphere.
• Which data type is described as values that follow a ranking but do not support arithmetic operations?
• What is the frequency and behavior of the C/A code?
• Which projection is often cited as not conformal among common world map projections?
• Which statement describes the elements of a single difference solution in GPS?
• Which of the following would reckon noon from the upper transit of the mean sun on the Greenwich meridian?
• In a gnomonic projection, which option correctly states the portion of the sphere that can be projected onto a finite map?
• An approximation of the true gravity on Earth's surface by means of a mathematical model representing Earth is known as what?
• Which combination has a maximum average triangle closure of 3 arcseconds?
• In third order, class I geodetic control, the average triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• Which lunar ranging technique is used to measure distance to the Moon?
• In Clairaut's equation p sin α = c, what does p represent?
• For a first-order geodetic control network, station spacing in traverse should not be less than how many kilometers?
• Which Hungarian physicist invented the torsion pendulum used to measure gravity magnitude?
• A great circle which is perpendicular to the polar axis of the celestial sphere. It is an extension on the plane of the earth's equator outward until it intersects the celestial sphere.
• Which NAMRIA branch is primarily responsible for the dissemination of environment and natural resources data?
• Which star has successive upper transits at 24 sidereal hours intervals?
• Azimuth closure at an azimuth check point for a third-order geodetic network, class I is given by which formula?
• Which scientist, in considering his attraction theory, postulated that the rotating Earth should be flattened at the poles?
• A vertical line at the location of the observer which coincides with the plumb line and is normal to the observer's horizon
• The complement of the declination is the angular distance measured from the celestial pole to the star along the hour circle. What is it called?
• In map projections, which variant uses projection lines from infinity?
• What is the prolongation of the Earth's polar axis?
• For a third-order geodetic control network established by traverse, the position closure after azimuth adjustment should be at least as good as which ratio?
• Which of the following statements about normal sections is true?
• Which point on the celestial sphere is directly opposite the zenith?
• Which of the following is NOT a NAMRIA core or technical branch?
• What is the minimum number of satellites that must be available for a differential solution of latitude, longitude, height, and time?
• In the ________ of coordinates, the position of a star is uniquely specified by its right ascension and either its declination or its polar distance.
• The ______ of a point has been measured for thousands of years by mariners and land travelers by observing the ______ of Polaris, the north star.
• A __________ is the period of revolution of Earth around the Sun relative to the fixed stars
• If the following local hour angles are expressed in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds, which formula correctly represents local mean time?
• _____ is the determination of the unknown position of a survey station by using the observed directions from the station to points of known positions.
• Which term describes the process of adjusting angles so that the sum around each station equals 360 degrees?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between gravitational and centrifugal forces?
• The effect of refraction (in meters) for height observations is equal to which expression, where K is the horizontal distance in kilometers?
• Which projection is described as being used by the Land Management Bureau of the Philippines with initial coordinates of 20000N, 20000E?
• What is the central meridian of PTM Zone 5?
• In the equation t = α - γ + δ, γ represents
• The heights determined by GPS measurements refer to which of the following?
• In 1666, the meridian arc measurements indicated the length was smaller towards the poles, implying the Earth is which shape?
• A group of projections with horizontal parallels and evenly set vertical meridians.
• Which of the following is true about geodesics on an ellipsoid?
• What is the angular distance measured along the vertical circle from the horizon to a celestial body?
• In second order, class I geodetic control, the average triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• In first-order geodetic control, the maximum triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• The First Point of Aries is also known as which astronomical moment?
• For a second-order, class I geodetic control network, minimum triangulation station spacing is at least?
• Which orbital parameter best describes the GPS constellation?
• NAMRIA through its ____________ works toward the sharing, transfer, exchange, packaging, and dissemination of environment and natural resources data.
• The zenith distance is the complement of which angle?
• The combined effect of Earth's curvature and the effect of refraction (in meters) for height observations is equal to which expression?
• Which procedure would NOT be executed by the GPS control segment?
• Which two stars are known as the 'pointer stars' used to locate Polaris?
• Back azimuth is the azimuth of which direction?
• Which term describes a map projection oriented 90 degrees from its standard orientation?
• Which term refers to the points on the celestial sphere where Earth's polar axis would pierce the sphere?
• In NAMRIA, there are ____ core or technical branches, and ____ Support Services Branch, with ____ divisions each.
• Which year describes the Sun returning to the same position along the ecliptic?
• What is a pseudo-range measurement in GPS?
• Mean sea level is defined as the average height of the sea surface over time. Which option best describes this definition?
• In GIS distance analysis, which distance is defined as the shortest distance or path between two points or pixels?
• Which term describes the intersection of the celestial sphere with a plane that passes through the sphere's center?
• In third-order, class I geodetic control, the maximum triangle closure should not exceed how many arcseconds?
• Where is the Master Control Station located?
• A French geodetic technique in which transmitters on the ground communicate with receivers on satellites to provide precise orbit determination required by ocean altimeter satellites.
• A periodical publication of astronomical data useful to a navigator is called:
• A geodetic technique using large, ground-based, parabolic-dish radio telescopes to observe quasars (the most distant objects in the cosmos).